Licenses and Attribution

PHI detection model

PHI detection uses OpenMed-PII-LiteClinical-Small-66M-v1 (Apache-2.0), trained on NVIDIA Nemotron-PII (CC BY 4.0). Modified by MDCalc: converted to ONNX and distributed as FP16 and INT8-quantized builds.

Apache-2.0 (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · OpenMed (opens in a new tab) · Nemotron-PII (opens in a new tab)

Clinical term lists

CrossCover's PHI Scrubbing™ system utilizes a combination of artificial intelligence and traditional programming logic to identify potential protected health information. The latter uses a set of lists and rules to identify clinically-relevant terminology. These lists contain terminology derived from the following sources.

• Norgeot B, Muenzen K, Peterson TA, et al. Protected Health Information filter (Philter): accurately and securely de-identifying free-text clinical notes. NPJ Digit Med. 2020;3:57. doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y

  Link to Philter (opens in a new tab) · BSD 3-Clause License (opens in a new tab) · Software: BCHSI. philter-ucsf. GitHub; 2018.

  BSD 3-Clause License text

  BSD 3-Clause License
  
  Copyright (c) 2018, REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
  All rights reserved.
  
  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  
  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  
  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  
  3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
  
  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

• Bhambra N, Waicus S, Persaud N. Medical Eponyms. Version 1. Mendeley Data; 2021. doi:10.17632/sgbmzxr5my.1

  Link to Medical Eponyms (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Douglass MM, Lehman LH, Long WJ, Neamatullah I. De-Identification Software Package. Version 1.1. PhysioNet; 2007. doi:10.13026/C20M3F

  Link to De-Identification Software Package (opens in a new tab) · ODC-By 1.0 (opens in a new tab) · Original publication: Neamatullah I, Douglass M, Lehman LH, et al. Automated de-identification of free-text medical records. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2008;8:32. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-8-32 · PhysioNet: Pollard T, Moody BE, Lehman L, et al. PhysioNet as a global platform for biomedical research. Nat Health. Published online 2026. doi:10.1038/s44360-026-00096-z

• National Drug Code Directory. US Food and Drug Administration. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to National Drug Code Directory (opens in a new tab)

• RxNorm. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to RxNorm (opens in a new tab) · This product uses publicly available data from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; NLM is not responsible for the product and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product.

• imantsm. medical_abbreviations: list of medical abbreviations and their meanings. GitHub. Published March 10, 2020. Updated August 28, 2025. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to medical_abbreviations (opens in a new tab) · MIT License (opens in a new tab) · Commit 3970d38.

  MIT License text

  MIT License
  
  Copyright (c) 2020 imantsm
  
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  
  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

• Clinical Questions Collection – Archived Data. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 19, 2026.

  Link to Clinical Questions Collection (opens in a new tab) · Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine

• Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). 2025 ed. National Library of Medicine; 2025. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Medical Subject Headings (opens in a new tab) · Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine

• Carter K, Rutherford M, Stevens C. Building a Medical Terminology Foundation. 2nd ed. Georgian College; 2024. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Building a Medical Terminology Foundation (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Carter K, Rutherford M, Stevens C. Building a Medical Terminology 2e – Student Companion Workbook. Georgian College; 2024. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Building a Medical Terminology 2e – Student Companion Workbook (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, et al. Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax; 2013. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Anatomy and Physiology (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Parker N, Schneegurt M, Tu AHT, Lister P, Forster BM. Microbiology. OpenStax; 2016. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Microbiology (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Kabaroff L, Johnston N, eds. Anatomy and Physiology I MSK at Cambrian College: A Text for FPRO and OTPA Students. eCampusOntario; 2024. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Anatomy and Physiology I MSK at Cambrian College: A Text for FPRO and OTPA Students (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · Adapted from: Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, et al. Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax; 2013.

• Kabaroff L, ed. Anatomy and Physiology II at Cambrian College: A Guide for FPRO and OTPA Students. eCampusOntario; 2023. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Anatomy and Physiology II at Cambrian College: A Guide for FPRO and OTPA Students (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · Adapted from: Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, et al. Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax; 2013.

• Kabaroff L, ed. BIO1800 Musculoskeletal Foundations. Contributor: Blatt N. Cambrian College; 2022. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to BIO1800 Musculoskeletal Foundations (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · Adapted from OpenStax.

• Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, eds. Nursing Pharmacology. WisTech Open; 2020. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Nursing Pharmacology (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · Copyright Chippewa Valley Technical College.

• Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, eds. Nursing Fundamentals. 2nd ed. WisTech Open; 2024. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Nursing Fundamentals (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, eds. Nursing Skills. 2nd ed. WisTech Open; 2023. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Nursing Skills (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, eds. Medical Terminology. 2nd ed. WisTech Open; 2024. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Medical Terminology (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)

• Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA. Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care. BCcampus; 2015. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab) · Copyright British Columbia Institute of Technology.

• Nelson A, Greene K. Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions. University of West Florida; 2020. Accessed October 16, 2026.

  Link to Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions (opens in a new tab) · CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab)